<論説>吐蕃支配下敦煌の漢人部落 : 行人部落を中心に

Abstract

本稿の目的は、吐蕃の支配下に入った敦煌に、どのような支配体制が置かれたのかを解明し、そこから吐蕃支配のあり方を探ることである。まず、吐蕃勢力により敦煌に置かれた部落の一つ、行人部落について検討する。従来、使者の任務を担う部落と解釈され、古チベット語のnyan rna'i sde に同定されてきたが、それは問違いであり、むしろrgod kyi sde、つまり軍戸一般を指す語である。次に、「民戸部落」という語自体が史料中に現れないこと、代わりに行人部落と対になって現れる絲綿部落(dar pa'i sde) が敦煌における民戸部落であることを確かめる。最後に周辺地域支配の変遷をみる。被支配民は、まず民戸として登録され、そして後にその一部が軍戸として選出された。つまり周辺地域においては民戸が大多数を占めたのであり、そして敦煌全域をカバーした民戸部落が「絲綿部落」だったのである。

The aim of this article is to clarify the basic framework of the system of political domination in Tibetan-ruled Dunhuang. First, I focus on the xingren-buluo 行人部落, one of the administrative districts set up in Dunhuang. Since Akira Fujieda's study, it has been believed that the Chinese word xingren-buluo was the equivalent of the Tibetan nyan rna'i sde, and that it meant a "messenger division." But an examination of documents in both Tibetan and Chinese reveals that xingren-buluo is not the equivalent of nyan rna'i sde, but corresponds instead to rgod kyi sde, "a military district." Second, I consider the g-yung in Dunhuang. In the Old Tibetan Empire, People were divided into rgod "military" and g-yung "civil" districts, therefore, as a rgod kyi sde existed at Dunhuang, there must also have been a g-yung gi sde, although the use of the word g-yung gi sde itself has not been documented. One finds instead the word simian-buluo 絲綿部落 paired with xingren-buluo in Chinese documents, and dar Pa'i sde paired with rgod kyi sde in Tibetan sources. Simian-buluo is thus the Chinese translation of dar pa'i sde and therefore the g-yung gi sde of Dunhuang was the equivalent of simian-buluo, civil district. Finally, I consider the changes in political domination in marginal areas of the Old Tibetan Empire. Through an examination of excavated documents and Tibetan historical materials, it becomes clear that each military district was of a regular size with a population of stong sde, "a thousand households", but the population of civil districts was not fixed. Judging from the above, it may be theorized that process of political domination in marginal areas proceed in the following manner. Most people were first registered as a g-yung, and then some of them were chosen as a rgod. As most people were a part of g-yung, there would have been no reason to employ the appellation g-yung gi sde. Instead, a specific name was employed for each district, and simian-buluo is a good example of such a usage.