<論説>中国北朝における瓦生産の展開

Abstract

中国北朝の瓦は五世紀末頃に瓦当文様や製作技法が大きく変化し、それは隋唐期以降の瓦に多大な影響を与えている。本稿は、瓦当文様や製作技法の検討から当該期の変化を年代的に整理するとともに、刻印や箆書きの文字瓦の分析により瓦生産の特質を明らかにすることを目的としたものである。従来、文字瓦に対する研究は記載された文字の意味を探ることに終始してきたが、筆者は文字の記載位置や製作技法の分析を文字内容の検討とあわせておこなうことにより、北朝から隋唐期の文字瓦が一連の系譜として理解しうることを指摘した。品質管理と労働管理の必要性から出現した北朝の文字瓦は、隋唐期になると変質していくが、その出現と展開は瓦当文様や製作技法の変遷と対応するだけでなく、当時の政治的・社会的背景をも反映していることを明らかにした。

In this paper, roof-tiles from the Northern Dynasties are examined to clarify the roof-tile production system through analysis of not only tile design and production technique but also of tiles with incised or impressed characters. First, I have indicated the chronological framework of eaves tiles from the 5th to the 6th century by analyzing the designs of the antefixes and their production technique. Second, tiles with incised or impressed characters have been analyzed in order to consider the system of their production and its management. Although such tiles have previously been studied in terms of the meaning of the characters on them, the author considered it necessary to analyze the position of the characters on the tiles and the production technique as well as the characters themselves. As a result of these analyses, the following has become clear. The design of eaves tiles and their production technique changed greatly at the end of the 5th century. Tiles with incised or impressed characters appeared almost simultaneously with this change. This suggests that a change in the system of production and its management occurred. Furthermore, these changes had a great influence on the roof-tiles later in the Sui and Tang dynasties. It is highly likely the tiles with characters produced from the Northern Wei dynasty to the Sui and Tang dynasties belong to the same lineage in terms of production technique, although the characters themselves changed over the same period. The author argues that the need for quality control to the products that required more elaborate adjustment than earlier types and the need to manage the labor that accompanied the mobilization of greater manpower brought about the appearance of this type of tiles with characters.