<論説>神亀五年・天平二年の「学制改革」に関する基礎的考察

Abstract

神亀五年・天平二年の学制改革は、古代学制の基本構造を規定したものとして重視されているが、それぞれの年に何が行われたかについて十分な見解の一致をみておらず、改革の性格や背景についても検討の余地が残されている。本稿では、まず、事実関係の再検討を行い、神亀五年には大学寮に律学博士二人と直講四人が置かれたのみであること、天平二年に至って大学寮に文章学士一人と明法生十人・文章生二十人が置かれたことを明らかにした。また、天平二年創設の得業生制度は、はじめ大学寮のみを対象として立案されたが、陰陽寮・典薬寮にも適用するよう修正を受けて成立したことを指摘した。次に、改革の性格や背景について検討を行い、神亀五年改革は以前から置かれていた令外の教官について法整備したもので、大きな実態の変化を伴わなかったこと、天平二年改革の背景には、大学寮・陰陽寮・典薬寮による技能官人育成制度の機能不全があったことを述べた。

The reformation of the academic system in the years Jinki 5 (728) and Tenpyo 2 (730) has been seen as important in establishing the basic structure of the ancient academic system by previous scholars. However, there has been no scholarly consensus on what actually occurred in each of those years. In addition, there remains a need to further examine the character and the background of the reform. This study first examines the pertinent facts in the case. As a result, it has become clear that in Jinki 5 two ritsugaku hakase (professors of law) and four chokko (lecturers on Confucianism) were assigned to the Daigakuryo and that by Tenpyo 2 places for one monjo gakushi (scholar of literature), ten myobosho (students of law), and twenty monjosho (students of literature) had been set up. In addition, I point out that the establishment of the tokugosho (scholarship student) system was first planned for the Daigakuryo alone, but this was revised so it could be applied to the Onmyoryo and the Tenyakuryo. I next examined the character and background of the reform. As a result of this examination, I found that the reform of Jinki 5 revised the law, but had little actual effect on existing extra-legal educational officials and in the background of the reform of Tenpyo 2 was the failure of the Daigakuryo, Onmyoryo and Tenyakuryo to function as an educational system to produce technical qualified officials.