<論説>近世前・中期京都における都市行政の展開 : 年寄と町代の関係をめぐって

Abstract

本稿は、近世前・中期京都における支配―被支配の関係をつなぐ存在としての年寄と町代の間で矛盾を生むような「緊張関係」を、[京都町奉行所―惣町―町組―個別町]の回路上で展開する都市行政の中で検討したものである。まず、近世初期における下京町代の系譜を分析し、上京と異なり、下京では町代がまず<惣町>の枠組みで設定され、後に<町組>との間の関係が形成されていったことを指摘した。次に、町代(仲間) が取り次ぐ、京都町奉行所と都市住人との間の行政支配を検討し、[京都町奉行所―与力―町代―個別町(町年寄―町住人) ]という回路を通じて行政処理がなされていたことを明らかにした。最後に、この行政上の回路と、「先座之年寄」を核とする自律的な<惣町―町組―町>組織の運営との関係を分析し、京都町奉行所行政において志向される構造の中で、<惣町>の位置づけが桎梏となり、年寄と町代の間の「緊張関係」を生じさせたことを指摘した。

In this study I analyze the relationship between the toshiyori, literally elders, and chodai, town or neighborhood representatives, which were two types of officials in Kyoto during the early modern era. The administration of Kyoto, which was divided into six general districts, socho, e.g. Kamigyo and Shimogyo, was conducted in the early modern era by the government offices in Kyoto (the shoshidai, the shogunal deputy, or the Kyoto machibugyosho, magistrate) working through the socho, chogumi town associations, and cho, multi-level administrative jurisdictions that were at the same time multi-level self-governing organizations. The chodai was established by the shoshidai to carry out administrative affairs between the government and the people in the early stages of the early modern era. The chodai in Shimogyo was formed out of the organization of the socho, but was gradually linked with chogumi as in Kamigyo. Thereafter, the administration of the Kyoto machibugyosho was conducted in the following manner, from Kyoto machibugyosho, to the chodai, the cho, and down to the residents. On the other hand, in the early stage of the early modern era, the toshiyori, who represented the self-governing multi-level organizations of socho-chogumi-cho, were directly linked to the Kyoto machibugyo in order to secure relief in case of food shortages. But, due to the administrative reform in the middle stage of the early modern era during which a link with the cho was sought, the Kyoto machibugyo began to regard the chodai as increasingly important. As a result of this policy, the framework of socho lost the roles of both administrative districts and the self-governing organizations, and the clash during the latter stage of the early modern era between toshiyori and chodai was concentrated within the framework of the chogumi.