<論説>東大寺大勧進円照の歴史的位置

Abstract

本稿では東大寺大勧進円照の分析を通じて、大勧進と造営料国を取り巻く状況の変容を明らかにした。大勧進円照が登場する歴史的前提には、別当定親による造営料国の知行という事態があった。これにより寺僧等は造営料国の富に注目し始めていく。そうした中で大勧進に就任した円照は、<造営料国の収益＝造営料>という原則を転換し、正税等を恒常的に修造用途に充当する体制を作ったほか、さらにそれを寺家用途・寺僧得分にも振り分ける流れを基礎付けた。しかし、円照のこうした人法に対する視線は別当定親との有縁関係に規定される側面を有していた。つまり、円照の画期性は定親との有縁関係という特有の条件から現れたといえるのである。造営料国の富が寺内に還元されていく動きは十三世紀後半には定着した。だが、それによりかえって寺内には深刻な対立が醸成されていった。「関東止住名誉僧」の大勧進はそのような問題の反動から要請された存在なのである。

This article elucidates the changes in the circumstances of the zoeiryogoku 造営料国 (provinces supporting building and maintenance) and the Daikanjin 大勧進 (the officer in charge of "the great campaign" to support the temple) through an analysis of role of the Todaiji 東大寺 Daikanjin Ensho. 円照 An historical prerequisite for Ensho's appearance as Daikanjin was the fact of the abbot Joshin's 定親 control of the zoeiryogoku, which was the impetus for the temple community to first become conscious of the wealth that might be obtained from the supporting provinces. Appointed to the office of Daikanjin, Ensho bore these expectations of the temple (jike 寺家) and he altered the principle that returns from the supporting provinces were to be used for temple operations and building, and instead not only built up a system in which the annual "rice" tax would be constantly allotted to the cost of repairs, but also began the practice of distributing it to the temple and individual monks themselves. If compared with the prior operation of the Daikanjin, these actions can be termed a major turning point in its basic character. Nevertheless, Ensho's policy of supporting ninpo 人法 of Todaiji contains aspects that are undoubtedly related to the abbot Joshin. In other words, the groundbreaking quality of the Daikanjin Ensho appeared as a result of their unique connection with Joshin. The trend of having the wealth of the supporting provinces returned directly to the temple became standard practice in the latter half of the 13th century. However, profound splits among the monks began to brew within the temple as a result. The appearance of famous monks who lived in Kanto 関東止住名誉僧 as Daikanjin was a result of the discord and chaos within the temple.