<論説>国造制と大化改新 : 大化前代の支配構造

Abstract

本稿は、孝徳朝立評が先行する如何なる地域編成を前提として遂行されたのかを考究するものである。大化前代の地域編成は、[A]国造―県稲置―国家民、[B]大小屯倉の伴造―部民、という国制を構成する二つの支配系統と、[C]王・臣連伴造―入部・部曲という私的領有の系統とからなっていた。[A]は、(1)別(ワケ)の貴種性に基礎づけられた五世紀以来の宗教的族制的秩序たる<プレ国造制>、(2)国宰(ミコトモチ)発遣を受けて部内支配を実現した<国司国造制>という二段階を経て発展した。『階書』にみえる八十戸は、(1)の段階の国造領編成の遺制である。(2)は八月発遣二月朝集のサイクルをもつ地方監察制度で、西国等では推古朝までには確立。[B][C]は公私の差はあるがミヤケという共通の淵源を有し、六十戸単位で編成。改新詔の郡の等級規定は、[B][C]が<国司国造制>に取り込まれたことを受けて、六十戸・八十戸という異質な秩序を里に見立てて一元的に摺り合わせるための換算数値であって、まず五十戸編成を遂行する主体として評は設置されたのである。

This study examines the form of regional organization that predated the establishment of hyo 評 (districts that were called kori) under Emperor Kotoku by analyzing the regulations on gun 郡 (districts also read kori) that appear in imperial edicts of the Taika Reformation. Regional organization in the period prior to the Taika Reformation can be reconstructed, revealing that there were two basic types of regional government organization. The first basic type of rule was the public rule of provinces that constituted a national government system, which consisted of two forms: system A) which was made up of i.) kokuzo 国造, regional chiefs also called kuni no miyatsuko, ii.) agata no inaki 県稲置, headmen, and iii.) kokkamin 国家民, the local population who were citizens of the state; and system B) which was made up of i.) banzo 伴造, supervisors also called tomo no miyatsuko, who headed the various miyake 屯倉 (estates under direct control of the Court) and ii.) public laborers called bemin 部民. The second basic type of regional organization, based on private domains called yake (manor), can be called system C, and it consisted of i.) o 王, royalty, shin 臣, ministers also called omi, ren 連, group leaders also called muraji and banzo and ii.) nyubu 入部 and bekyoku 部曲, private retainers. The system of rule labeled A was formed in two stages: (1) the pre-kokuzo system プレ国造制 of religious rule from the 5th century onward that was based on the holy lineage wake 別, and (2) kokuski-kokuzo system 国司国造制 under which local rule was carried out by a prefect, called kokusai 国宰, a provincial governor also called mikotomochi, who was dispatched from the central government since the end of the 6th century. The system of ten headmen 十稲置 (shidaozhi, Jpns. ju-inaki) and eighty households 八十戸 (bashihu, Jpns, hachiju-ko), which is seen in the Suishu 隋書, is also a legacy of the system of the kokuzo organization of territory of the former stage. The dispatch of the kokusai (mikotomochi) in the eighth month was part of a new system of cyclical regional inspections that required these regional officials return and assemble at the court (choshu 朝集) during the second month. This system is thought to have been established in the western provinces by the time of the reign of Emperor Suiko and expanded to cover the eastern and home provinces at the time of the Taika Reformation. The regional systems of rule B and C differed in the sense that the former was public and the latter private, but they both traced their origin to the miyake established within the territory of the kokuzo, and both were organized into sixty households. The edicts of the Taika Reformation that stipulated the establishment of the gun incorporated systems B and C with A in the kohuzo territory, and employed a numerical conversion of anomalous regional organization of dual systems of sixty or eighty households into a unified system of ri 里 (settlements also called sato). The establishment of the gun (written 郡 or 評) was primarily intended as the principle vehicle in implementing a new fifty-household system of organization. The system of provincial government prior to the Taika Reformation, which can be reconstructed from the edicts of the Reforms that stipulated the formation of the gun, corresponds with the theory of Sonoda Koyu 薗田香融 who saw the dual structure of tax systems of the ritsuryo state as traceable to the period prior to the Taika Reformation.