<論説>近江八景詩歌の伝播と受容

Abstract

本稿は、江戸時代において近江八景という一つの知識が、刊本や写本という書物を介して社会に伝播し、さまざまな地域・階層の人々に教養として受容されていく過程を、近江八景を詠んだ漢詩と和歌を素材に検討したものである。まず朝廷や五山文化圏で産み出された近江八景詩歌が、堂上歌壇のみならず地下歌壇においても流布していたことを明らかにした。さらに『扶桑名勝詩集』の板元吉田四郎右衛門に注目して、吉田家は書肆を営む一方、院雑色という朝廷の下級役人としての側面も有し、朝廷の知を社会に広げる回路として、近江八景詩歌が刊本世界へ流入する役割を果たしたことを指摘した。それから一八世紀以降の日用教養書における展開に注目し、さまざまな誤謬も内包しつつ、手習教育の教材に利用されるなど、近江八景詩歌の伝播の射程が格段に広まったことを明らかにした。以上の検討を通じて、江戸時代書物文化における知の流通構造の一端を描き出した。

In the Edo period, knowledge about the "Eight Views of Omi" 近江八景 (Omi hakkei) spread through society by way of written works in the form of manuscripts and printed books. Such information was received by people of various regions and social strata became common knowledge. In this article I clarify the process of the diffusion of the "Eight Views of Omi" as a topic of Chinese and Japanese poetry. The "Eight Views of Omi" refers to eight beautiful scenes near southern Lake Biwa, "The autumn moon at Ishiyama temple" 石山秋月, "Evening glow at Seta" 瀬田夕照, "The weather clearing at Awazu" 粟津晴嵐, "Returning sails at Yabase" 矢橋帰帆"The evening bell at Mii temple" 三井晩鐘, "Night rain at Karasaki" 唐崎夜雨, "Geese descending at Katata" 堅田落雁, "Snow on Mt. Hira at sunset" 比良暮雪, that were based on the "Eight Views of the Xiao and Xiang Rivers" 瀟湘八景 in China. In the early 17th century, the court noble Nobutada Konoe 近衛信尹', who was a central figure of the imperial court salon, composed Japanese poetry on the "Eight Views of Omi, " and in the mid-17th century, a Zen Buddhist monk Gyokushitu Soboku 玉質宗撲, who played an active part in the literary circles of the Five Mountains五山, composed Chinese poetry on the "Eight Views of Omi." This Chinese and Japanese poetry circulated in manuscript form not only in aristocratic poetry circles 堂上歌壇 but also in non-aristocratic poetry circles 地下歌壇 as exemplars that poets should consult. Then, in the second half of the 17th century, this poetry was recorded in The Fuso meisho shishu 扶桑名勝詩集 of Shiroemon Yoshida 吉田四郎右衛門, a publisher in Kyoto, and the range of diffusion was greatly extended. In addition to publishing, Yoshida also served among a lower- ranking group of officials serving the imperial court who were called in zoshiki 院雑色, and his publishing was closely related to the court nobles. In other words, Shiroemon Yoshida played a role in creating a circuit that extended imperial court culture into society. I have been able to confirm that the Fuso meisho shishu was found in the libraries of cultured people and scholars in various regions, but even more significant is the fact there exist many examples of the works of writers of other genres that quote the Chinese and Japanese poetry found in the Fuso meisho shishu. In this way, this Chinese and Japanese poetry on the "Eight Views of Omi" spread through the world of printed books, and this call be confirmed by their appearance as topics in gazetteers and novels, and various other publications including ukiyoe prints, and by the fact that they appeared in entertainments such as kabuki or joruri and other genres including crafts and clothing. In addition, after the 18th century, articles about this poetry began to appear in books that conveyed basic knowledge and culture necessary for everyday life, such as orai-mono 往来物 (epistolary textbooks) and the Setsuyoshu 節用集 (a Japanese-language dictionary), and they were also used as exemplars in teaching materials at private elementary schools in various parts of Japan. Through the above examination, I have drawn an intellectual map of the structure and circulation of Edo-period book culture that extended from the top levels of the imperial court down to the lowest ranks of children doing writing Practice. I have been able to point out various trends that influenced the "Eight Views of Omi" becoming common knowledge among many Japanese people. As an example, the southern part of Lake Biwa in Omi became a sightseeing spot as a result of the increasing number of tourists who sought to see the "Eight Views of Omi" and, in addition, inspired by admiration of Omi, cultured persons in other regions discovered new versions of the eight views in their own regions.