<論説>〈円成寺陵〉の歴史的位置 : 律令山陵制度の転換

Abstract

山陵とは天皇の墳墓であり、その主体は遺体(遺骨) に他ならない。平安時代後期には、遺骨は山陵から寺院へと安置する場所を変えるが、このことは山陵が終焉し、新たに「寺の陵」が成立したことを意味するであろう。本稿では山陵に変わる新しい天皇陵のスタイルを<寺陵>と呼称することにしたが、かかる変化の画期は、一条天皇の<円成寺陵>の成立に求められる。山陵が陵戸によって管理されていたのに対し、<寺陵>においては寺院がこれを行うようになる。このことは山陵使の陵前儀式に最も端的にあらわれている。ここに律令山陵制度は大きな転換点を迎えることとなったが、一一世紀初頭に生ずるこの変化は、律令国家の転回とも対応するものと考えられる。

Through an analysis of the sanryo 山陵 system of imperial tombs, this article attempts to comprehend a change that took place in the ritsuryo kokka (national state based on legal codes) during the Heian period. In regard to the sanryo system of the Heian period, there are hardly any specific references, particularly later than the Engi-shiki when reliable historical sources become rare. The little research that has been conducted has been on the sanryo as sites of cremation or on their neglect as locations for imperial remains, thus the issues were not uncommon. However, as this article makes clear, the location of the remains was important during the Heian period and possessed a particular political significance. Moreover, as the sanryo were imperial tombs, the remains were precisely the essence of the sanryo. In other words, in order to analyze the sanryo of the Heian period, sufficient attention must be turned to where the remains of emperors were located If one focuses carefully on this point when examining the issue of imperial tombs, an important change becomes evident. That was the phenomenon of a shift in the location from the sanryo to within a temple hall, i.e. inside a building. If the location of imperial remains are understood to constitute imperial tombs, the fact that the sanryo" were coming to an end means that new "temple-tombs" were being established. In this article, I have attempted to encompass the meaning of the new style of imperial tomb with the term temple-tomb (jiryo 寺陵). The sanryo was a tomb where imperial remains were buried, it was called by the name of the location, and the management of tombs was conducted by the sanryo 陵戸 (tomb guardians) established by the ritsuryo state. In contrast, the special characteristics of the temple-tomb were that the imperial remains were placed within a temple, that it was called by the temple's name, and, as a matter of course, that it was managed by the temple. The earliest case of an imperial tomb that perfectly fits these characteristics is the Jobodai-in-ryo of Emperor Shirakawa. Nevertheless, the focus of this article is the imperial tombs that were called by temple names and that can be confirmed as having existed prior to Emperor Shirakawa (Jobodai-inryo). These are the imperial tombs from the Enjoji-ryo of Emperor Ichijo to the Nochi-no-Enkyoji-ryo of Emperor Horikawa. These imperial tombs were like the temple-tombs in that the remains were placed in temple buildings, but they were somewhat different in that the remains were removed after a period of time and reinterred in a burial ground. However, it is clear that these imperial tombs, like the temple tombs, were managed by the temples, and they can be situated in history as from the pre-temple-tomb stage. In other words, the turning point in the establishing temple tombs as the new style of imperial tomb was the Enjoji-ryo of Emperor Ichijo. What then is the most noteworthy difference between the tombs after the Enjoji-ryo and the sanryo that preceded them? The difference is surely how they were managed. This difference is most directly represented by the ceremonies performed at the site of the imperial tomb. The sanryo were managed by the ryoko, and the ryoko prepared the rituals at the sanryo. In contrast, in the case of temple tombs and pre-temple tombs, Buddhist monks fulfilled that role. In short, the management of the imperial tombs shifted from the ryoko to the temples, and the turning point was the Enjoji-ryo of Emperor Ichijo. This change in the sanryo system marked by the groundbreaking establishment of the Enjoji-ryo is definitely not insignificant. The sanryo were imperial tombs and were managed by the local ryoko communities and Mausolea Office of the central bureaucracy. This was a microcosm of the composition of ritsuryo state composed of the public and private and bureaucratic systems over which the emperor was sovereign. This being the case, the approach of the end of the sanryo system surely signaled the ritsuryo state would meet the same fate. It can be understood from the Enjoji-ryo of Emperor Ichijo, which was established at the beginning of the 11th century, that a turning point was reached in the shift from the ancient ritsuryo state to the medieval period.