<論説>南北朝・室町期京都における武士の居住形態

Abstract

本稿は南北朝・室町期の京都において在京武士が活動拠点とした諸空間、及び彼らの居住形態の解明を通じて、彼らの具体像に関する実証的基礎の構築を目指すものである。武士の洛中進出は南北朝期に本格化し、寺社本所領への「寄宿」・「借住」といった臨時的な居住形態がみられるようになる。当時の武士は、京都の諸勢力との社会関係を利用して主体的に自らの居所を獲得していたといえる。室町期には、在京守護の本邸的な位置にある「大名邸宅」や、将軍御所近傍の副邸「第二の邸宅」が順次形成され、政治情勢の安定化を背景に、武士が占有する空間が順次拡大していったことが窺える。しかしその一方で、幕府から居所を把握されずに寺社本所を頼って在京する武士もなお存在していた。これは特定の寺社本所の権益保護を優先する幕府の姿勢が反映したものであり、ゆえに、武士の在京のあり方には室町期に至ってもなお流動的な側面が内包されていたことがわかる。

The purpose of this article is to investigate the concrete depiction of the samurai of the capital who occupied a large proportion of the population and were an integral part of the Muromachi warrior regime in order to illuminate the social structure of Kyoto during the Nanbokucho and Muromachi periods, a topic which has not been studied sufficiently in a substantial manner. I focus on this occasion in particular on the spatial areas that were pivotal sites in the lives of the capital samurai and examine the form of their residences with an aim of relativizing the portrait of the capital samurai who have heretofore been explained one dimensionally in terms of the centripetal character of the Muromachi warrior regime. The period Bunmei eras that drove many of the capital samurai from Kyoto. In the first section, I focus on the form of the residences of capital samurai during the Nanbokucho period. The movement of samurai to the capital became prominent in the Nanbokucho period. However, after compiling and examining various sources, one sees that in many cases the form of samurai residences were often rented houses or lodgings on the grounds of temple or aristocratic establishments in the environs of the capital, and they were often temporary. On the other hand, although the Muromachi regime had a devised a system to lend confiscated housing to capital samurai, there is no evidence samurai were able to secure residences in the capital as a result of this system. Based on these findings, it can be surmised that the form of capital samurai residences was not completely determined by the residents themselves, and that it was premised on important aspects including the various forces such as the temple and shrine landlords that provided the residences. In the second section, I consider the special spatial characteristics of samurai residences that appeared in the Muromachi period. When political circumstances stabilized in the late Nanbokucho period, extensive residential establishments, called daimyo teitaku, where the powerful military governors of the capital, shugo, resided in Kyoto, were built one after another. Because, in contrast to the establishments of other samurai, they possessed extremely expansive grounds covering one cho (a cho being 120 meters on each side) and at the same time these were maintained for a relatively long time in a single location, we can presume that these daimyo teitaku can be regarded as the main residence of the capital shugo. On the other hand, in the environs of the shogun's palace, there were established a group of residences where close retainers of the shogun who had roots in the shugo houses lived. In this article, I interpret these as secondary establishments that supplemented the function of the daimyo teitaku that formed the core of the collective residences. In the third section, I consider the form of the capital samurai residences during the Muromachi period in terms of the relationship to the power of temple and shrine landlords. As I made clear in the second section, in Kyoto following the Muromachi period, the space occupied by capital samurai gradually increased and became fixed. However, in some cases these spaces existed on the property controlled by temple and shrine landlords and whether these lands can be judged to have been purely under samurai control requires an individual examination of each specific case. Moreover, among the capital samurai, there were some who relied on shrines and temple landlords for their residence in the capital, and the regime was not aware of their residences, even though they were direct retainers of the shogun. It is surmised that this reflects the policy of the Muromachi regime to prioritize the preservation of the authority of specific temple and shrine landlords. In other words, even during the Muromachi period, the Muromachi regime did not possess s total directionality for the jurisdiction over the capital samurai, and it is clear that for the capital samurai there was yet a fluid aspect inherent in the form of their residences. The content of this article can be summarized in the following fashion. Although there were many capital samurai during the Muromachi period who secured their residences by relying on temple and shrine landlords, various spaces that served as samurai residences on a fixed scale were gradually established as the organization of the Muromachi regime stabilized. However, it is necessary to focus on the fact that this phenomenon did not reflect the development of the control of individual spaces of samurai. It can be surmised to be largely the influence of the political structure of the Muromachi regime that took the form of the system called the kobu toitsu seiken (unified regime of court and bakufu) that controlled Kyoto in coordination on with temples and shrine landlords. Furthermore, because on this occasion I have considered the period prior to the unrest of the Onin and Bunmei eras, the samurai who were active in Kyoto thereafter have been beyond the scope of this article. I will therefore be necessary to consider the concrete circumstances of the capital samurai through the Warring States period from a different analytical perspective.