<論説>唐代の藩鎮について : 浙西の場合

Abstract

唐-宋の変革については内藤博士以来現在にいたるまで中国の問題点の一となつているが、その具体的な研究まだ決して豊富とはいえない。そこで中晩唐社会の基本的な関係をとくに藩鎮の問題からとりあげて見た。唐帝国の危機はすでに開元・天宝以前からきわめて深刻に進行しており、民衆の反抗はあらわなかたちでしきりにおこつていた。こうした内部の動きは北方民族の侵入とも相まつて軍政的支配体制をつくり出し、安史の乱はこの傾向をますますつよめてついに藩鎮体制を成立させた。しかし一部の藩鎮は反中央的な勢力となつた。その原因や性格をどう規定するかはなお問題であるが、それは新しく抬頭した商人や地主が唐朝の収奪から自己をまもるものでもあつた。之に対しいわゆる「唐室の中興」はこの新興勢力を中央集権下に再編成しようとする反動政策であつた。両税法の意義もここにある。浙西地方はこの政策の犠牲となり、中央の重要な財源地帯として極度の収奪が行われたが、黄巣の乱以後ここでも結局軍隊の反乱と農民暴動は唐朝権力を打倒し、五代への道をきりひらくのである。

The specific character of the transitional period from the T'ang (唐) dynasty to the Sung (宋) has been widely discussed since the celeblated essays of the late Prof. Naito, but we have still very little light on this crucial question. Here I attempted to study the Fan-chen (藩鎭) system in the later T'ang Empire partly to meet this need and partly to find a clue to understand the underlying relationships of this peculiar period. As is well known, the Fan-chenate was first established during the formidable invasions of the Notherners and esepecially through the great turmoils of the Anlushan-Shihszuming (安史) Rebellion which caught the decaying Empire. How is the character of this system defined is in itself a question, but it is pretty evident that it provided the means by which the nouveaux riches defended themselves against the exploitation of the T'ang dynasty. On the other hand, the so-called 'Revival of the T'angs' was nothing but the rearrangement of these parasites under the cetralized government and in this sense it is regarded as the reactionary policy of the dying Empire. That bloody legislation of the liang-shui (兩税) taxation was enacted in such a way that the Chehshih (浙西) district was sacrificed for the first time before the financil needs of the government. After the Huang-tsiao (黄巢) Rebellion there started mutinies and peasant wars and they swept away the tyrannies with the promising ages of the Five Dynasties before their eyes.