China's carbon-energy policy and Asia's energy transition from carbon leakage, relocation, and halo perspectives: Conclusions and the future

Abstract

This chapter revisits major findings of this book to give answers to the three research questions raised in Chapter 1: (a) how China’s carbon-energy policy has incentivized outward FDI in coal power and RES-E projects and exports of these technologies; (b) how Chinese outward FDI in and exports of RES-E have generated energy transitions in Asian countries and caused carbon leakage, relocation, and halos; and (c) can regional connectivity be a countermeasure to minimize carbon relocation and enhance the carbon halo effect. Then, it states this book’s novel contributions to the arguments over international trade, FDI, and the environment in theory and empirical findings, and prospects for a future research agenda worth developing.