戦後東独農村の全面的集団化と「勤労農民」 : バート・ドベラン郡1958-1960

Abstract

The subject of this paper is the forced collectivization of the Eastern Germany in 1958-1960, focusing on the reactions of the new-farmers, "working farmers", to this great agricultural policy. In Kreis Bad Doberan in Bezik Rostock, the site of our study, there were new-farmer-villages without any agricultural productive cooperative (LPG) even in the end of 1957 that was politically of critical importance for the consequence of the forced collectivization. Firstly we looked over the paths to the forming cooperatives in MTS Ravensberg district in which the villages without any LPG were mainly located. As we found six "powerful" new-farmer-villages among them, we examined their social structure. There were often refugee-new-fanners that had an strong influence on the local administration, perhaps having been farmers in their home town until 1945. They formed the rural local organization of the communist party (SED), although they were not faithful to the communist ideology at all, as they were eager in a religious practice. Whereas these six villages were common in social character, we recognized a great diversity of their reactions to the pressure of collectivization. In Rakow, where people kept a steady mutual relationship, they could easily integrate themselves into a village-wide cooperative, while in Kirch- Mulsow three LPGs were founded. In Gorow "powerful" new farmers founded their own cooperative that became the influential LPG in this village, which forced other small LPG, founded by poor residents in 1956, to disappear. In Roggow-Russow, although people founded a new village-wide cooperative, it could not obtain the stability because of including the former serious inner conflict. Although it was impossible for six villages to resist to the forced collectivization because of having been organized to the SED party, we could find, even if limited, their independency in that they made efforts to work their own strategy, which explains the diversity of their paths to LPGs. In contrast, the "weak" new farmer villages had already lost both unity and strength due to the effects of the June 17th 1953 Uprising. Therefore they could not found their own LPG, so that they were passively integrated into the great neighboring LPG. In addition, we found another way of villages located in very distressed area, Buschmüuhlen and Gerdshagen/Rosenhagen. In both villages the cooperatives were founded in 1955/56 by a closed group of refugee families without joining any other resident. Their troublesome attitude puzzled the agent of county party. In Buschmühlen a denunciation about illegal deforestation caused a political intervention from above, which led to the purge of refugee families. In Gerdshagen/Rosenbereg 2 LPGs and a state-owned farm got mixed in the villages as a result of complicated process of collectivization. We don't know any paper that has ever pointed out this collectivization pattern of a specially distressed new-farmer-villages.