北魏方山永固陵の研究 : 東亞考古學會一九三九年收集品を中心として

Abstract

The mausolea of the Northern Wei dynasty standing on a flat summit named Mount Fangshan, located 20 kilometers to the north of Datong 大同 in Shanxi 山西 province in China, are identified as those of the Grand Empress Dowager Wenming 文明太后 and the Emperor Xiaowen 孝文帝. The Yonggu 永固 Mausoleum at Fangshan was constructed in 481-484, and the Siyuan 思遠 Monastery had been built before 479. The Mission of the Far Eastern Archaeological Society surveyed these sites in 1939, and collected the artifacts such as tiles, plaster and stone figures that had been kept in Tokyo University in a virtually unsorted state. Following the observation of artifacts collected from the Yungang 雲岡 Caves and neighboring sites including the Mausolea at Fangshan that had been kept in the Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University, we set about researching on them, and as a result we obtained much new and important information about the mausolea complex and the art styles then existing. The antefixa with the inscription "Wansui Fugui 萬歲富貴" unearthed from the south of the upper plateau came from the same mould as those found at the Buddhist pagoda site on the lower plateau, and both belong to the first stage of the Siyuan Monastery. This would suggest that the Monastery extended across both the upper and lower plateaus. The art styles of the antefixa with a lotus motif showing the upper part of the body of reborn child, the massive plaster figures and circular palmettes with intertwining arabesque patterns carved in stone that were found at Fangshan reveal characteristics that are slightly newer than the style of Yungang Caves VII-VIII, and they bear a closer resemblance to Caves IX-X. This means that Caves IX-X may be dated to the latter part of the 480 s, slightly after the construction of the Yonggu Mausoleum at Fangshan, as we maintained in YUN-GANG, Artifacts (2006).