心理臨床場面における夢の用いられ方－諸学派の理論の比較から－

Abstract

夢は心的現象として，フロイトの「夢解釈」で心理療法場面に導入されて以降，諸学派で主要な技法とされてきた。本論文では，諸学派の夢理論を比較検討し，夢に現れるものとして何が想定され，どのように心理療法に役立てられてきたのかを考察し，夢を治療的に扱うために役立つ視点を得ることを目的とした。フロイトと諸学派の夢理論は，夢に隠された内容を解釈から探り，分析の情報源とする立場と，夢をそのままの形で捉え，夢見手の夢の中での体験を重視する立場とに大別された。心理療法家たちの夢分析の実践に基づく知見からは，夢が夢見手に視覚的に呈示され，感覚的に体験されることの持つ治療的側面や，心理療法過程で夢が分析と相互に影響し合いながら変容し，心理療法の展開に繋がることが示された。また，「夢を見る能力」，クライエントが夢に圧倒される危険についても諸学派で言及され，これは現在の心理療法にも通じる示唆と思われる。Dreams were introduced as a psychic phenomenon by Freud in “Traumdeutung.” Since then, several schools of clinical psychology have attached importance to dreams. To approach dreams therapeutically, this paper compares the theories of several schools regarding dreams: i.e., what dreams are thought to show or how dreams have been used in psychotherapy. The theories about dreams of Freud and other schools were divided into two groups—one explores the meaning hidden in dreams by interpretation to use it as source of information for analysis, and the other attaches importance to the dreamers’ experience in dreams. Regardless of school, the psychotherapists’ knowledge based on practice of dream analysis indicated that dreamers are shown their dreams visually and experience dreams with their sensory images, which has a therapeutic aspect, and that dreams and analysis mutually influence each other, and as dreams change they develop psychotherapy. In addition, “the ability to dream” and the danger that dreams can overwhelm clients are also mentioned in several schools, which has implications for current psychotherapy.