「貫戦的」人生パターンと戦後階層システムの形成 --SSM調査の再分析--

Abstract

本稿は, 戦前から戦中を経て敗戦後に続く男性の「貫戦的な」経歴のパターンを学歴別, 出生コーホート別に描くことによって, 戦後の階層システムの形成プロセスを明らかにしている.1955年, 65年, 75年のSSM調査データを用いて職業経歴を分析し, 以下のような研究結果が得られている.戦時期から敗戦後にかけて, 各学歴層で従業先移動が高まり, その特徴は1911-15年出生と1916-20年出生で明瞭であった.高等教育卒では, 従業先移動によって戦後も鉄鋼機械関係の製造業に就業する傾向があった.職業的地位の移行は学歴層別に異なり, 従業先移動の結果, 敗戦後, 初等教育卒は農業とマニュアル職, 高等教育卒はホワイトカラー職に特定化される傾向が強くなった.中等教育卒の経歴の流動性が高く, 敗戦後ホワイトカラー職が増加していた.これらの結果をもとに, 本稿は経歴の流動化の結果として形成された戦後の階層システムは, 学歴間の障壁の低いシステムであったと論じている.

This paper aims to explore the "transwar" patterns of men's careers from prewar through wartime to the postwar period, focusing on differences according to educational strata and birth cohorts, and to discuss the influences of wartime mobilization on forming the postwar stratification system. Analyzing the integrated data of 1955, 1965, and 1975 Social Stratification and Mobility surveys revealed the following results: from wartime to the postwar period, the 1911—15 and 1916—20 birth cohorts tended to switch workplaces more often. Highly educated men in those birth cohorts were likely to find better jobs in manufacturing industry in the postwar period after switching workplaces. The patterns of occupational shifts were different according to educational strata; as a result of workplace shifts, prewar elementary school graduates tended to have farming or manual jobs, and graduates of prewar higher education tended to have white-collar jobs. Prewar secondary school graduates showed more fluid patterns; the ratio of white-collar jobs increased gradually in the postwar period. These results suggested that the postwar stratification system was formed as a result of frequent workplace shifts from wartime to the postwar period, and that barriers between educational strata were much less rigid than in the prewar period.